Ex) Article Title, Author, Keywords
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Editorial | 2022-12-31
JEHS의 지속가능한 발전을 위해 해결할 현안 - 지난 2년 편집위원회를 회고하며
Issues to be Addressed for JEHS to Develop Sustainably: Reviewing the Editorial Board during the Previous Two Years
Sungkyoon Kim
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(6): i-iii
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Original Article | 2022-12-31
거리 가판대에서의 초미세먼지(PM2.5)와 블랙 카본(BC)의 농도평가: 조리 가판대를 중심으로
Assessment of PM2.5 and Black Carbon Concentrations among Street Vendors: Focusing on Cooking Stalls
Minjung Kim1
, Jiyun Shin1
, Jiwon Jeong2
, Sueun Choi1
, Kiyoung Lee1,3*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(6): 291-297
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.6.291AbstractBackground: PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) can be generated from cooking and from vehicle operation. Street vendors may be exposed to PM2.5 and BC due to their proximity both to roads and to cooking activities.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the PM2.5 and BC concentrations in cooking stalls and to determine the effects of cooking activity and of types of cooking.
Methods: Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations, temperature, and relative humidity were measured in 32 stalls in April and May 2022. Behavioral factors such as the presence of cooking activity and types of cooking were observed. Student’s T-test was performed using the difference of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and BC concentrations to compare the effects of cooking activity and to compare types of cooking.
Results: One-hour averages of the difference in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for cooking stalls and non-cooking stalls were 9.7±15.7 μg/m3 (n=22) and –0.5±0.4 μg/m3 (n=10), respectively. The difference in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in cooking stalls was significantly higher than in non-cooking stalls (p<0.05). The indoor PM2.5 concentration for stalls for Chinese pancakes and teokbokki exceeded the standards for indoor air quality in South Korea (50 μg/m3). The indoor PM2.5 concentration for Korean pancake stalls exceeded the standards for outdoor air quality in South Korea (35 μg/m3 for 24 hours).
Conclusions: The PM2.5 concentrations in stalls with cooking activity was significantly higher than those in stalls without cooking activity. Some stalls with certain types of foods exceeded standards for indoor and outdoor air quality in South Korea. Better management of indoor air quality in stalls with cooking activities is necessary. -
Original Article | 2022-12-31
지리정보시스템(GIS) 및 존재인구를 이용한 초미세먼지(PM2.5) 노출평가
Existing Population Exposure Assessment Using PM2.5 Concentration and the Geographic Information System
Jaemin Woo1
, Gihong Min1
, Dongjun Kim1
, Mansu Cho1
, Kyeonghwa Sung2
, Jungil Won3
, Chaekwan Lee4
, Jihun Shin1*
, Wonho Yang1,2*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(6): 298-305
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.6.298AbstractBackground: The concentration of air pollutants as measured by the Air Quality Monitoring System (AQMS) is not an accurate population exposure level since actual human activities and temporal and spatial variability need to be considered. Therefore, to increase the accuracy of exposure assessment, the population should be considered. However, it is difficult to obtain population data due to limitations such as personal information.
Objectives: The existing population defined in this study is the number of people in each region's grid. The purpose is to provide a methodology for evaluating exposure to PM2.5 through existing population data provided by the National Geographic Information Institute.
Methods: The selected study period was from October 26 to October 28, 2021. Using PM2.5 concentration data measured at the Sensor-based Air Monitoring Station (SAMS) installed in Guro-gu and Wonju-si, the concentration for each grid was estimated by applying inverse distance weights through QGIS version 3.22. Considering the existing population, population-weighted average concentration (PWAC) was calculated and the exposure level of the population was compared by region.
Results: The outdoor PM2.5 concentration as measured through the SAMS was high in Wonju-si on all three days. Wonju-si showed an average 22% higher PWAC than Guro-gu. As a result of comparing the PWAC and outdoor PM2.5 concentration by region, the PWAC in Guro-gu was 1~2% higher than the observed value, but it was almost the same. Conversely, observations of Wonju-si were 10.1%, 11.3%, and 8.2% higher than PWAC.
Conclusions: It is expected that the Geographic Information System (GIS) method and the existing population will be used to evaluate the exposure level of a population with a narrow activity radius in further research. In addition, based on this study, it is judged that research on exposure to environmental pollutants and risk assessment methods should be expanded. -
Original Article | 2022-12-31
Chaelyn Lim1
, Seungho Lee1,2*
, Sang Min Seo3, Kyung Won Park4
, Gwon-Min Kim5
, Byeong Moo Choe3, Byoung-Gwon Kim1,2
, Hyun Ju Lim2
, Young-Seoub Hong1,2
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(6): 306-314
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.6.306AbstractBackground: Due to the rapid aging of the South Korean population, neurological diseases such as dementia are increasing. Many studies have reported that the incidence of dementia is associated with environmental factors along with age.
Objectives: This study analyzed the association between cognitive function and ten heavy metals in the body: arsenic, aluminum, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, and lead.
Methods: From 2018 to 2019, a total of 120 participants who suffered from cognitive impairment were recruited for this study. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Demographic information was obtained through face-to-face questionnaires completed by a trained investigator. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Korean version of the Boston Name Waiting Test. The associations between cognitive function scores and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results: The average age of the 120 participants was 72.7 years, and 69.2% were female. The mean of the MMSE-K and K-BNT scores were 22.9 and 37.9, respectively. The geometric mean of aluminum (Al) was 8.42 μg/L. MMSE-K was associated with iron (Fe), but the significance was removed in the logistic regression based on 24 points. K-BNT was significantly associated with aluminum and the odds ratio for K-BNT above 38 decreased by 45% as the aluminum concentration increased.
Conclusions: The association between aluminum and the K-BNT score indicated that aluminum is associated with language-related cognitive decline. Based on this result, further study will be conducted by considering co-exposure effects of heavy metals including aluminum. -
Original Article | 2022-12-31
도시 저소득층의 프탈레이트 노출수준과 관련 요인: 거주 취약집단을 중심으로
Phthalate Exposure Levels and Related Factors in the Urban Low-Income Group: Focus on a Residential Disadvantaged Community
Dahee Han1
, Jiyun Kang2
, Seohui Han3
, Su Hyeon Kim3
, Hohyun Jin2
, Chahun Kim2
, Hosub Im4
, Ki-Tae Kim2*
, Yong Min Cho1,3*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(6): 315-323
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.6.315AbstractBackground: Socioeconomical disadvantaged communities are more vulnerable to environmental chemical exposure and associated health effects. However, there is limited information on chemical exposure among vulnerable populations in Korea.
Objectives: This study investigated chemical exposure among underprivileged populations. We measured urinary metabolites of phthalates in urban disadvantaged communities and investigated their correlations with residential environment factors and relative socioeconomic vulnerability.
Methods: Urine samples were collected from 64 residents in a disadvantaged community in Seoul. A total of eight phthalate metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Analytical method used by the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) was employed. Covariate variance analysis and general linear regression adjusted with age, sex and smoking were performed.
Results: Several phthalate metabolites, namely monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) had higher levels than those reported in the adults of 4th KoNEHS. Notably, the MnBP level was higher in the lower socioeconomic group (geometric mean [GM]=47.3 μg/g creatinine) compared to non-recipients (GM=31.9 μg/ g creatinine) and the national reference level (GM=22.0, 28.2 and 32.2 μg/g creatinine for adults, 60’s and 70’s, respectively.). When age, sex and smoking were adjusted, MEP and MnBP were significantly increased the lower socioeconomic group than non-recipients (p=0.014, p=0.023). The lower socioeconomic group’s age of flooring were higher than non-recipients, not statistically significant.
Conclusions: These results suggest that a relatively low income and aged flooring could be considered as risk factors for increased levels of phthalate metabolites in socioeconomic vulnerable populations. -
Original Article | 2022-12-31
가습기살균제 피해신청자들의 노출등급 분류 및 폐질환 발생 영향요인 분석
Affecting Factors of Lung Disease and Classification of Exposure Rating of Applicants for Injuries from Humidifier Disinfectants
Gihong Min1
, Junghyun Shin2
, Eun-Kyung Jo2
, Dayoung Jeong2
, Jiyoon Ryu2
, Dongjun Kim1
, Jaemin Woo1
, Sungho Bae1
, Jihun Shin1
, Seula Lee3
, Yoon-Hyeong Choi3
, Wonho Yang1*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(6): 324-330
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.6.324AbstractBackground: Lung injuries due to exposure to humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were reported in 2011 in South Korea. As a result of the government’s epidemiological investigation and toxicity test study, it was found that HDs caused health damage such as lung disease.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to classify HD exposure ratings and analyze the affecting factors that could identify the relationship with lung disease.
Methods: Exposure assessment for HDs was conducted using a questionnaire during face-to-face interviews with the applicants. Ratings of high exposure (Class 1) and low exposure (Class 2) were cross-tabulated with clinical ratings (acceptable and unacceptable). Logistic regression analysis was carried out by setting the clinical rating of lung disease as a dependent variable and the socio-demographic and exposure characteristics obtained through the questionnaire as independent variables.
Results: The concentration in air of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) was 71.96±107.47 μg/m3, and the exposure concentration was 15.21±23.28 μg/m3. The exposure rating was overestimated with 97.1% of affected subjects having high exposure using margin of exposure (MOE), but only 9.9% matching the clinical class. In the overestimated group, it could be explained by the fact that the exposure time was long and the subjects had already recovered from damage symptoms. As a result of logistic regression analysis, ten variables were found to be significant influencing factors.
Conclusions: A new exposure rating could be calculated based on the MOE, and factors affecting lung disease could be estimated through comparative evaluation with the clinical rating.
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Editorial | 2022-10-31
Sungkyoon Kim
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(5): i-ii
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Invited article / Original Article | 2022-10-31
SWOT 분석을 통한 환경보건 연구의 동향과 전망 고찰
Trends and Prospective of Environmental Health Research through SWOT Analysis
Jihun Shin1
, Jin-Sung Ra2
, Ki-Tae Kim3
, Jongdae Lee4
, Wonho Yang1*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(5): 255-265
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.5.255AbstractBackground: Research in environmental health (EH) is of crucial strategic importance for contemporary society. It is becoming even more critical in light of the increasingly rapid pace of environmental changes, opportunities, and threats.
Objectives: This study aimed to identify trends and the prospective of environmental health research using SWOT analysis.
Methods: The trends in environmental health research were reviewed in previous studies and reports. Reviewed manuscripts were searched for using the keywords of ‘environmental health’ and ‘environmental hygiene’ in the KCI (Korean Journal of Citation Index), KISS (Korean Academic Information), PubMed, and Google Scholar.
Results: It is essential to center the EH research agenda around key priorities focusing on technological innovation, job creation, and the increasingly prominent role of the private sector. Given the rapidly evolving global sustainability agenda, greater clarity on the ever-increasing sources of complexity and growing expectations of the public might be needed. This requires the identification of criteria to identify EH research priorities with the ultimate goal of maximizing societal benefit. Public health relevance, such as extent and severity of health impact, level of exposure, and inequalities of effects, could be included.
Conclusions: Considering the recent interest in and importance of environmental health, a comprehensive approach to environmental health research should be required through the application of the latest science and technology, citizen participation, and environmental health surveillance systems. -
Original Article | 2022-10-31
Differences by Selection Method for Exposure Factor Input Distribution for Use in Probabilistic Consumer Exposure Assessment
Sohyun Kang1
, Jinho Kim1, Miyoung Lim2
, Kiyoung Lee1,2*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(5): 266-271
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.5.266AbstractBackground: The selection of distributions of input parameters is an important component in probabilistic exposure assessment. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) methods are used to determine the distribution of exposure factors. However, there are no clear guidelines for choosing an appropriate GOF method.
Objectives: The outcomes of probabilistic consumer exposure assessment were compared by using five different GOF methods for the selection of input distributions: chi-squared test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS), Anderson-Darling test (A-D), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC).
Methods: Individual exposures were estimated based on product usage factor combinations from 10,000 respondents. The distribution of individual exposure was considered as the true value of population exposures.
Results: Among the five GOF methods, probabilistic exposure distributions using the A-D and K-S methods were similar to individual exposure estimations. Comparing the 95th percentiles of the probabilistic distributions and the individual estimations for 10 CPs, there were 0.73 to 1.92 times differences for the A-D method, and 0.73 to 1.60 times differences (excluding tire-shine spray) for the K-S method.
Conclusions: There were significant differences in exposure assessment results among the selection of the GOF methods. Therefore, the GOF methods for probabilistic consumer exposure assessment should be carefully selected. -
Original Article | 2022-10-31
화학물질배출이동량 자료를 활용한 화학물질배출량 및 유해기반지수 정량화와 시공간 특성 연구
A Study on the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Chemical Discharges and Quantified Hazard-Based Result Scores Using Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Data
Yu-Ra Lim1
, Sun-Yeong Gan2
, Hyun-Joo Bae2*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(5): 272-281
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.5.272AbstractBackground: The constant consumption of chemical products owing to expanding industrialization has led to an increase in public interest in chemical substances. As the production and disposal processes for these chemical products cause environmental problems, regional information on the hazard level of chemical substances is required considering their effects on humans and in order to ensure environmental safety.
Objectives: This study aimed to identify hazard contribution and spatiotemporal characteristics by region and chemical by calculating a hazard-based result score using pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) data.
Methods: This study calculated the chemical discharge and hazard-based result score from the Risk- Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model, analyzed their spatiotemporal patterns, and identified hotspot areas where chemical discharges and high hazard-based scores were concentrated. The amount of chemical discharge and hazard-based risk scores for 250 cities and counties across South Korea were calculated using PRTR data from 2011 to 2018.
Results: The chemical discharge (high densities in Incheon, Daegu, and Busan) and hazard-based result scores (high densities in Incheon, Chungcheongnam-do, and some areas of Gyeongsangnam-do Province) showed varying spatial patterns. The chemical discharge (A, B) and hazard-based result score (C, D) hotspots were identified. Additionally, identification of the hazard-based result scores revealed differences in the type of chemicals contributing to the discharge. Ethylbenzene accounted for ≥80% of the discharged chemicals in the discharge hotspots, while chromium accounted for >90% of the discharged chemicals in the hazard-based result score hotspots.
Conclusions: The RSEI hazard-based result score is a quantitative indicator that considers the degree of impact on human health as a toxicity-weighted value. It can be used for the management of industries discharging chemical substances as well as local environmental health management. -
Original Article | 2022-10-31
전국 다중이용시설의 실내공기 부유 곰팡이의 현황 및 특성 분석
An Analysis of the Current Status and Characteristics of Airborne Fungi in Indoor Air in Multi-Use Facilities Nationwide
Yongsung Park1,2
, Soonhyun Kwon1,2
, Song-Yi Park3
, Sun-Ho Kee3
, Wonsuck Yoon1,2*
J Environ Health Sci. 2022; 48(5): 282-289
https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2022.48.5.282AbstractBackground: Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the air and exposure to an airborne fungus can be a significant risk factor. The composition of fungi has been potentially important for human health, especially for respiratory diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we attempted to ascertain what kind of airborne fungi affect human health at a nationwide level.
Objectives: This study was carried out to provide information on indoor fungi distribution at multi-use facilities throughout South Korea.
Methods: We classified our data by region and public facility after collection, cultivation, and identification via the sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. We investigated whether or not the proliferation of HaCaT cells was affected by the identified airborne fungi.
Results: In our data, the most isolated airborne fungi by region were Penicillium spp (Seoul, Daegu), Periconia sp (Gyeonggi-do), Iprex sp (Gangwon-do), Phanerochaete sp (Busan), Bjerkandera sp (Gwangju), and Aspergillus sp (Jeju-do). In the public facilities, the most detected fungi were Cladosporium sp (public transport), Penicillium sp (apartment house, retail market, financial institution, karaoke room), Bjerokandera sp (underground parking lot, public toilet, medical institution), Periconia sp (retail store), and Fusarium sp (general restaurant). Next, we selected twenty airborne fungi to examine their cytotoxicity and proliferation of human skin cells. In this experiment, the proliferation of the cells was influenced by most of the identified fungi. In case of the cytotoxicity test, most genera except for Rhodotorula sp and Moesziomyces sp showed cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells.
Conclusions: The distribution of mold in the indoor air in multi-use facilities in South Korea differs from region to region, and this is an indicator that should be considered in future health impact studies. In addition, as a result of culturing about 20 types of bacteria dominant in indoor air, it was found that most (90%) inhibit the growth of skin cells, which can be harmful to health. An in-depth study of the health effects of floating fungi is needed.

Vol.48 No.6
December, 2022
pISSN 1738-4087
eISSN 2233-8616
Frequency: Bimonthly
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A Review on the Health Risks Associated with the Use of Products Containing Benzalkonium Chloride (BKC), Focusing on Humidifier Disinfectant Products
Jiwon Kim1†
, Kyung Ehi Zoh2†
, Hana Kim3
, Dong-Uk Park4*
J Environ Health Sci. 2021; 47(6): 513-520https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2021.47.6.513
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A Screening Method to Identify Potential Endocrine Disruptors Using Chemical Toxicity Big Data and a Deep Learning Model with a Focus on Cleaning and Laundry Products
Inhye Lee1
, Sujin Lee2
, Kyunghee Ji2*
J Environ Health Sci. 2021; 47(5): 462-471https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2021.47.5.462
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Health Risk Assessment with Source Apportionment of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in Seoul by Positive Matrix Factorization
Seung-Mi Kwon1,2
, Yu-Ri Choi2
, Myoung-Kyu Park2
, Ho-Joon Lee2
, Gwang-Rae Kim2
, Seung-Sung Yoo2
, Seog-Ju Cho2
, Jin-Ho Shin2
, Yong-Seung Shin2
, Cheolmin Lee1*
J Environ Health Sci. 2021; 47(5): 384-397https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2021.47.5.384
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Environmental Health Policies for the Past and Coming Decade in South Korea
J Environ Health Sci. 2021; 47(5): 379-383https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2021.47.5.379